Heroin users who inject the drug expose themselves to additional risks, including contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C, and other blood-borne viruses. Chronic users who inject heroin also risk scarred or collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and liver and kidney disease. From 1898 through to 1910 heroin was marketed as a non-addictive morphine substitute and cough suppressant. Bayer marketed heroin as a cure for morphine addiction before it was discovered that heroin is rapidly metabolized into morphine, and as such, "heroin" was basically only a quicker acting form of morphine. The company was somewhat embarrassed by this new finding and it became a historical blunder for Bayer. Use of heroin in pregnancy also may increase the risk of a variety of birth defects. What is not entirely clear is whether these effects are directly due to the drug itself or related to the poor health behaviors that women who take heroin often have. It may also be caused by the substances that the heroin often is mixed with when it is made. Orally administered cocaine takes approximately 30 minutes to enter the bloodstream. | 
