Heroin overdose takes the lives of many users each year. It is not a surprise that those who abuse heroin are at an increased risk of death. Their excess mortality rate ranges between six to twenty times their peers who are of the same age and gender and have not abused heroin. The causes of this excess mortality are manifold, including HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and violence. Despite the HIV pandemic among injecting drug users, deaths attributed to overdose remain a major cause of mortality for heroin users, and in many countries is the leading cause of death. Typically, males are the most predominant casualties of a heroin overdose. With around 80% of heroin overdose deaths reported being male. In the 17th century, many people in Europe were treated for a variety of health problems with opium. In 1729, opium smoking was made illegal in China and soon the importation of opium was banned. This ban upset the British who were in charge of trading this valuable product. Opium was still smuggled into China and this caused the "Opium Wars" (1839-1842 and 1856-1860) between the British and the Chinese. Since passage of the 2006 Patriot Act which controls public access to pseudoephedrine, limits quantities, and requires identification to purchase the medicine, the number of homemade meth labs has been reduced significantly. The US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) estimates that 75% of all methamphetamine available in the U.S. today is produced in “super labs” operated by Mexican drug trafficking organizations. In 1999, the average age of an adolescent in treatment at Caron for heroin addiction was about 17, with some patients as young as 14. During that same period, adult heroin users in treatment at Caron had an average age of 29 - a full 10 years younger than the average age of 39 for those admitted for other drug or alcohol treatment. |